However, in this subterranean environment they are challenged by multiple stressors such as darkness, hypoxia, hypercapnia, energetic challenges during digging and increased exposure to pathogens 1, 2, 3. BMRs are solitary mammals that spend their lives in underground burrows, which shelter them from most predators and climatic fluctuations. The subterranean blind mole rat (BMR), Spalax galili, belongs to the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in the family Spalacidae, a clade of subterranean muroid rodents distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. The remarkable traits of the BMR, together with its genomic and transcriptomic information, enhance our understanding of adaptation to extreme environments and will enable the utilization of BMR models for biomedical research in the fight against cancer, stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Our results show high rates of RNA/DNA editing, reduced chromosome rearrangements, an over-representation of short interspersed elements (SINEs) probably linked to hypoxia tolerance, degeneration of vision and progression of photoperiodic perception, tolerance to hypercapnia and hypoxia and resistance to cancer. Here we sequence and analyse the BMR genome and transcriptome, highlighting the possible genomic adaptive responses to the underground stressors. The BMR spends its entire life underground, protecting itself from predators and climatic fluctuations while challenging it with multiple stressors such as darkness, hypoxia, hypercapnia, energetics and high pathonecity. The blind mole rat (BMR), Spalax galili, is an excellent model for studying mammalian adaptation to life underground and medical applications. Nature Communications volume 5, Article number: 3966 ( 2014)
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Genome-wide adaptive complexes to underground stresses in blind mole rats Spalax